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質問 1：
In what way does Scrum encourage ethical behaviour, doing "the right thing", in software development?
正解：
Scrum encourages ethical behaviour in software development by creating a framework that promotes transparency, accountability, quality, and respect for stakeholders, all of which are grounded in the Scrum Values. Rather than prescribing ethical rules, Scrum embeds ethical behaviour into the way work is organized and delivered.
First, Scrum promotes ethics through its focus ondelivering valuable, high-quality working products. The Scrum Guide emphasizes delivering usable Increments that meet a shared Definition of Done. By prioritizing quality and value for both the organization and end-users, Scrum discourages practices such as cutting corners, hiding technical debt, or delivering misleading progress, which are ethically questionable.
Second, Scrum strongly supportstransparency, a core pillar of empiricism. All significant aspects of the work-such as progress, impediments, risks, and uncertainties-are made visible through artifacts and events.
This transparency encourages honesty about what can and cannot be achieved and prevents unethical behaviour such as misreporting status or concealing problems until it is too late.
Third, Scrum encouragesaccountabilityat both individual and team levels. Clear accountabilities for the Product Owner, Developers, and Scrum Master ensure that responsibility is not diffused or avoided. Teams are accountable for delivering value, improving their way of working, and meeting their commitments. This accountability fosters ethical decision-making and ownership of outcomes.
Fourth, Scrum supports ethical behaviour throughcontinuous learning and improvement. Sprint Retrospectives create a structured opportunity to reflect on mistakes, share knowledge, and improve processes and practices. This openness to learning promotes humility, integrity, and a willingness to correct issues rather than ignoring or rationalizing them.
Finally, Scrum is explicitly guided by theScrum Values of Commitment, Courage, Focus, Respect, and Openness, which form its ethical foundation.
* Commitmentencourages teams to do what they say they will do.
* Courageenables individuals to raise concerns, admit problems, and challenge unethical practices.
* Focushelps teams concentrate on delivering real value rather than superficial outputs.
* Respectensures consideration for colleagues, stakeholders, and end-users.
* Opennesspromotes honesty about progress, challenges, and uncertainty.
質問 2：
Decisions to optimise value and control risk are made based on the perceived state of the artefacts. What events and practises can improve transparency over the artefacts? Explain why.
正解：
In Scrum, decisions to optimize value and control risk depend on theperceived state of the artifacts. If artifacts are not transparent, inspection and adaptation become ineffective, leading to poor decisions. Scrum therefore defines specificevents and practicesto improve transparency and support empirical decision- making.
Scrum Events That Improve Artifact Transparency
Sprint Planningimproves transparency by aligning the Scrum Team on the current state of theProduct Backlogand theProduct Increment. The Product Owner explains backlog ordering and objectives, while Developers assess what is feasible based on the current Increment and Definition of Done. This shared understanding reduces risk by creating a realistic Sprint Goal.
Daily Scrumimproves transparency of theSprint Backlog. Developers inspect progress toward the Sprint Goal and make visible emerging risks, dependencies, and impediments. Daily inspection ensures that deviations are discovered early, enabling fast adaptation and reducing delivery risk.
Sprint Reviewimproves transparency of theProduct IncrementandProduct Backlog. Stakeholders directly inspect the Increment and provide feedback. This exposes assumptions, validates value, and informs Product Backlog adaptation, helping optimize future value and reduce market risk.
Sprint Retrospectiveimproves transparency ofprocess-related aspectsthat influence the artifacts. By inspecting ways of working, tools, skills, and the Definition of Done, the team identifies improvements that increase artifact quality and reliability over time.
Practices That Improve Transparency
Aclear and shared Definition of Doneensures transparency of the Product Increment. It creates a common understanding of what "complete" means and prevents hidden work or misleading progress.
Product Backlog refinementimproves transparency by clarifying Product Backlog Items, making assumptions explicit, and reducing uncertainty. Although not a formal Scrum event, refinement supports better inspection and forecasting.
Frequent integration and testingimprove transparency by making the real state of the Increment visible early and often. This reduces the risk of late surprises and unintegrated work.
Visible metrics and information radiators(such as Sprint Goals, Sprint Backlogs, and progress toward objectives) help stakeholders and teams understand the state of work without relying on reports or interpretations.
質問 3：
What would be an example of a development team member displaying unethical behaviour?
正解：
An example of unethical behaviour by a Development Team member in Scrum isknowingly delivering low- quality or non-secure softwarewhile being aware of the potential negative impact on users, stakeholders, or the organization. Such behaviour contradicts the ethical expectations embedded in Scrum and violates multiple Scrum Values.
For instance, a developer may intentionally ignore known defects, security vulnerabilities, or technical debt in order to finish work faster or appear more productive. Releasing software that is known to be insecure or unstable places end-users at risk and misrepresents the true state of the product. This underminesCommitment to quality andCourage, as the individual avoids addressing difficult issues or raising concerns.
Another unethical example iswithholding important informationfrom the Scrum Team or stakeholders. This may include hiding risks, downplaying impediments, or not being transparent about progress or challenges.
Such behaviour violatesOpennessand damages trust, which is essential for empiricism and effective collaboration.
Unethical behaviour may also be expressed throughfailing to support team members. For example, refusing to help others, dismissing or disrespecting colleagues' opinions, or working in ways that harm team cohesion contradicts the Scrum Value ofRespect. Scrum expects team members to collaborate and support each other in achieving the Sprint Goal.
Finally,going against agreements made by the Scrum Team, such as ignoring the Definition of Done or agreed working agreements, is unethical. This damages accountability and can mislead stakeholders about the quality and completeness of the work.
質問 4：
Learning turns into 'validated learning' when assumptions and goals can be assessed through results. What is a key way for a Product Owner to apply validated learning?
正解：
A key way aProduct Owner applies validated learningis byadapting the Product Backlog and Product Goal based on evidence from real outcomes, not assumptions.
Through inspection of:
* TheProduct Incrementduring the Sprint Review,
* Stakeholder and user feedback,
* Measured outcomes such as usage, value, or risk reduction,
the Product Owner assesses whether assumptions about value, users, or direction are valid. This learning becomesvalidatedonly when it is reflected inchanged decisions, such as:
* Reordering Product Backlog items,
* Adding or removing backlog items,
* Adjusting or even abandoning a Product Goal.
In other words, validated learning is applied when the Product Owneruses results to change what is built next, ensuring that future work is based on evidence rather than speculation.
In what way does Scrum encourage ethical behaviour, doing "the right thing", in software development?
正解：
Scrum encourages ethical behaviour in software development by creating a framework that promotes transparency, accountability, quality, and respect for stakeholders, all of which are grounded in the Scrum Values. Rather than prescribing ethical rules, Scrum embeds ethical behaviour into the way work is organized and delivered.
First, Scrum promotes ethics through its focus ondelivering valuable, high-quality working products. The Scrum Guide emphasizes delivering usable Increments that meet a shared Definition of Done. By prioritizing quality and value for both the organization and end-users, Scrum discourages practices such as cutting corners, hiding technical debt, or delivering misleading progress, which are ethically questionable.
Second, Scrum strongly supportstransparency, a core pillar of empiricism. All significant aspects of the work-such as progress, impediments, risks, and uncertainties-are made visible through artifacts and events.
This transparency encourages honesty about what can and cannot be achieved and prevents unethical behaviour such as misreporting status or concealing problems until it is too late.
Third, Scrum encouragesaccountabilityat both individual and team levels. Clear accountabilities for the Product Owner, Developers, and Scrum Master ensure that responsibility is not diffused or avoided. Teams are accountable for delivering value, improving their way of working, and meeting their commitments. This accountability fosters ethical decision-making and ownership of outcomes.
Fourth, Scrum supports ethical behaviour throughcontinuous learning and improvement. Sprint Retrospectives create a structured opportunity to reflect on mistakes, share knowledge, and improve processes and practices. This openness to learning promotes humility, integrity, and a willingness to correct issues rather than ignoring or rationalizing them.
Finally, Scrum is explicitly guided by theScrum Values of Commitment, Courage, Focus, Respect, and Openness, which form its ethical foundation.
* Commitmentencourages teams to do what they say they will do.
* Courageenables individuals to raise concerns, admit problems, and challenge unethical practices.
* Focushelps teams concentrate on delivering real value rather than superficial outputs.
* Respectensures consideration for colleagues, stakeholders, and end-users.
* Opennesspromotes honesty about progress, challenges, and uncertainty.
質問 2：
Decisions to optimise value and control risk are made based on the perceived state of the artefacts. What events and practises can improve transparency over the artefacts? Explain why.
正解：
In Scrum, decisions to optimize value and control risk depend on theperceived state of the artifacts. If artifacts are not transparent, inspection and adaptation become ineffective, leading to poor decisions. Scrum therefore defines specificevents and practicesto improve transparency and support empirical decision- making.
Scrum Events That Improve Artifact Transparency
Sprint Planningimproves transparency by aligning the Scrum Team on the current state of theProduct Backlogand theProduct Increment. The Product Owner explains backlog ordering and objectives, while Developers assess what is feasible based on the current Increment and Definition of Done. This shared understanding reduces risk by creating a realistic Sprint Goal.
Daily Scrumimproves transparency of theSprint Backlog. Developers inspect progress toward the Sprint Goal and make visible emerging risks, dependencies, and impediments. Daily inspection ensures that deviations are discovered early, enabling fast adaptation and reducing delivery risk.
Sprint Reviewimproves transparency of theProduct IncrementandProduct Backlog. Stakeholders directly inspect the Increment and provide feedback. This exposes assumptions, validates value, and informs Product Backlog adaptation, helping optimize future value and reduce market risk.
Sprint Retrospectiveimproves transparency ofprocess-related aspectsthat influence the artifacts. By inspecting ways of working, tools, skills, and the Definition of Done, the team identifies improvements that increase artifact quality and reliability over time.
Practices That Improve Transparency
Aclear and shared Definition of Doneensures transparency of the Product Increment. It creates a common understanding of what "complete" means and prevents hidden work or misleading progress.
Product Backlog refinementimproves transparency by clarifying Product Backlog Items, making assumptions explicit, and reducing uncertainty. Although not a formal Scrum event, refinement supports better inspection and forecasting.
Frequent integration and testingimprove transparency by making the real state of the Increment visible early and often. This reduces the risk of late surprises and unintegrated work.
Visible metrics and information radiators(such as Sprint Goals, Sprint Backlogs, and progress toward objectives) help stakeholders and teams understand the state of work without relying on reports or interpretations.
質問 3：
What would be an example of a development team member displaying unethical behaviour?
正解：
An example of unethical behaviour by a Development Team member in Scrum isknowingly delivering low- quality or non-secure softwarewhile being aware of the potential negative impact on users, stakeholders, or the organization. Such behaviour contradicts the ethical expectations embedded in Scrum and violates multiple Scrum Values.
For instance, a developer may intentionally ignore known defects, security vulnerabilities, or technical debt in order to finish work faster or appear more productive. Releasing software that is known to be insecure or unstable places end-users at risk and misrepresents the true state of the product. This underminesCommitment to quality andCourage, as the individual avoids addressing difficult issues or raising concerns.
Another unethical example iswithholding important informationfrom the Scrum Team or stakeholders. This may include hiding risks, downplaying impediments, or not being transparent about progress or challenges.
Such behaviour violatesOpennessand damages trust, which is essential for empiricism and effective collaboration.
Unethical behaviour may also be expressed throughfailing to support team members. For example, refusing to help others, dismissing or disrespecting colleagues' opinions, or working in ways that harm team cohesion contradicts the Scrum Value ofRespect. Scrum expects team members to collaborate and support each other in achieving the Sprint Goal.
Finally,going against agreements made by the Scrum Team, such as ignoring the Definition of Done or agreed working agreements, is unethical. This damages accountability and can mislead stakeholders about the quality and completeness of the work.
質問 4：
Learning turns into 'validated learning' when assumptions and goals can be assessed through results. What is a key way for a Product Owner to apply validated learning?
正解：
A key way aProduct Owner applies validated learningis byadapting the Product Backlog and Product Goal based on evidence from real outcomes, not assumptions.
Through inspection of:
* TheProduct Incrementduring the Sprint Review,
* Stakeholder and user feedback,
* Measured outcomes such as usage, value, or risk reduction,
the Product Owner assesses whether assumptions about value, users, or direction are valid. This learning becomesvalidatedonly when it is reflected inchanged decisions, such as:
* Reordering Product Backlog items,
* Adding or removing backlog items,
* Adjusting or even abandoning a Product Goal.
In other words, validated learning is applied when the Product Owneruses results to change what is built next, ensuring that future work is based on evidence rather than speculation.
Nozaki -
PSM-III試験参考書が本当に助かりました。誠にありがとうございました。